Examining HRM Initiatives utilized by Modern Companies

Examining HRM Initiatives utilized by Modern Companies What is HRM The term HRM or human resource management means managing people in different areas of the business. Human resource responsibilities consist of four types of responsibilities in the business management hiring, retaining, compensation and designing their work in the organization. The basic objective of almost every HRM department in the business organizations is to maximise the overall production efficiency of the organization and the optimal use of the human resources (employees) As Edward L. Gubman observed in the  Journal of Business Strategy,  the basic mission of human resources will always be to acquire, develop, and retain talent; align the  workforce  with the business; and be an excellent contributor to the business. Those three challenges will never change. Human Resource Management in the Current Era In recent years, HRM field changed to a great extent and has the major effect on the field of human resource management. One of the major aspects is technology development in the business environment. So human resource management has to face new challenges like to train the employees for new technologies like satellite networking and tele-conferessing and other such like devices. Importance of Human Resource Management Until a few years back the HRM department was being considered the department of less importance in the corporate hierarchy but now human resource department value in the organizations has grown dramatically because management knows that HRM department is directly responsible for the progress and nourishment of the business. Without effective HRM department it is impossible for companies to compete and evolve the current era of business competition. And this recognition of HRM importance has reached not only to the large scale businesses but also to the small scale businesses. As Irving Burstiner commented in  The Small Business Handbook,  Hiring the right people-and training them well-can often mean the difference between scratching out the barest of livelihoods and steady business growthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Personnel problems do not discriminate between small and big business. You find them in all businesses, regardless of size. Importance of Performance Appraisal in Current Scenario To measure and evaluate the performance of the employees is always very crucial for business and the concerned managers and officials continuously perform this rating and evaluation throughout the year. The importance of appraising performance of the employees can be compared to the managing financials and other resources of the organization because the performance of the employees has the direct relation with the utilization of the other resources of the organization and heavily effect the overall performance of the organization. How to conduct performance appraisal programme The five key elements of the performance appraisal are: Measurement   assessing performance against agreed targets and objectives. Feedback   providing information to the individual on their performance and progress. Positive reinforcement   emphasising what has been done well and making only constructive criticism about what might be improved. Exchange of views   a frank exchange of views about what has happened, how appraises can improve their performance, the support they need from their managers to achieve this and their aspirations for their future career. Agreement   jointly coming to an understanding by all parties about what needs to be done to improve performance generally and overcome any issues raised in the course of the discussion. There are many tools for performance appraisal which are being used by the different organizations like behavioural anchored rating scale, forced choice method, checklist, graphic rating scale, rating, M.B.O. etc. Case study AUTOGLASS Ltd Background Autoglass is the UKs leading vehicle glass repair and replacement company, and has the largest market share. It is part of the Belron group, which is the worlds biggest vehicle glass company. In the UK, there are just over 2,000 employees, approximately 1,100 of whom are mobile technicians, working out of 130 branches. There are three main groups of employee: trained and trainee technicians based throughout the UK; customer service staff based in the customer contact centre in Bedford and in Autoglass branches across the UK, and support staff located in the state-of-the-art head office in Bedford. The HR department is a team of 25 people, which manages all the HR functions including: resourcing, employee relations, management development, technical training, internal communications, health and safety, and technical services. The case for alignment The organisation has always performed well. HR has a good reputation and has been an important part of the business since the late-1990s. (From the early-1990s, HR was known as Personnel and Training.) The HR plan is formulated with close consideration to the business strategy, but as well as this HR is in a position to add to the business planning processes. The HR director is a member of the executive committee, which is responsible for strategy and business development. In 2002, although the company continued to be successful, it was felt there was a need to map out new opportunities for growth and to review the strengths of the business, so Autoglass committed to a strategic review. This ran in partnership with the parent company. An important part of this was a people review, which examined: Who have we got? The demographic picture How people enter and exit the business recruitment, tenure and turnover How people are managed The organisational culture. How was alignment achieved? Although historically there has been a personnel function in Autoglass since the early-1990s, the HR director role was created in 1997.HR is now an established fulcrum between company and staff. There are two key strands to this role, which HR endeavours to interweave. Improving: business performance by working closely with the business heads and the yearly/five-year business plans the working lives and conditions of employees and, as it is not a unionised environment, HR takes this role seriously. The HR director believes that working conditions affect the standard of people coming into the company. For example, HR recently increased holiday entitlement for managers after noticing that their offering was a bit short of the national average. This was done despite some management resistance. A great example of HR working in line with the business at Autoglass was the role played in critical structural and reward changes in 2000 after it was recognised that the business structures had become too complex.HR led the approach to these changes while working very closely with regional managers, providing professional competence, guidance and moral support. For the organisation, it was an excellent example of cross-functional working. The changes included: Discontinuation of the network structure, so branches became independent Even stronger commitment to the mobile working strategy Table Of Different Significant HR Initiatives And Business Out Comes HR INITIATIVE BUSINESS OUTCOME Training and development Auto glass invest more than average in its training and development programme50, providing a comprehensive training programme for technicians through the National Skills Centre. In addition, there is a management training plan, and management development centres have been run based on carefully analysed leadership success factors Staff turnover has fallen The quality of service has improved Succession planning An organisation-wide capability review has recently been conducted The trainee management programme is Auto glasss graduate recruitment programme, which is fairly unique in the industry. Improving the quality of branch management Employee relations There is an employee assistance programme,which has a utilisation rate of just under five per cent Managing directors open house programme Field-based HR roles staff satisfaction is used as a key performance indicator and the overall index score has increased from 50 to 61 since 1995. Pay and benefits The pay scales are in the upper quartile and all staff are on a variable earnings plan Business performance has improved year on year since 2000,with 2003 being the best year ever Performance management Autoglass has a well-established performance management system. Every manager has received training in the process. Recent trends show that positive ratings are on the increase The staff survey shows the highest positive results around clarity of goals and whats expected of me.This suggests the organisation is providing a framework for employees to work to their maximum capacity We come to you. Productivity-based reward system for technicians, which was a huge benefit to the business. The management and output of the strategic people review is a good reflection of the overall HR ethos in Autoglass, which focuses on the practical and does not over intellectualise in pursuit of best practice. The HR director feels that it is more important to realise that organisations are not linear: learning about your specific case and finding out where the pain is in the business is more realistic. While working towards more blue sky improvements is important, it is critical to balance this with attending to existing problems.HR see this balance as their key role. To plan current and future HR work so that it aligns with business needs, Autoglass uses both quantitative and qualitative methods including staff satisfaction survey results, turnover and sickness data as well as listening to what people at all levels around the business are saying. For example, senior managers go out into the business and lead open house participative sessions with a cross-section of staff.HR facilitate these sessions, focusing on what issues are being dealt with in the business currently and managing staff expectations. The HR department is confident in its ability to add value. Resources for the review were found almost entirely internally rather than using large-scale consultancy to manage the process. For the strategic review, Autoglass used an internal team (including a regional manager ,a contact centre manager, an HR manager, the HR director and the rewards manager),with support from their parent company Belron and one independent consultant from The Work Foundation to provide an external perspective. Outcomes Generally, according to the staff attitude survey, satisfaction ratings have improved in gradual progression over roughly the last 8-year period to 61 from a base of 50.Although managers own the results of their area, HR feels this says a great deal about its contribution to the business and the working lives of staff overall. The pace of improvement has accelerated since the changes in 2000 that resulted from the changing the game project. The business, after an initial dip, was energised. More specifically, the people review provided an excellent birds-eye view of how HR was functioning. While the policies and processes were working well generally, it was felt that there were areas of real weakness that were a cost to the business and could be improved on. The main issue was that the recruitment process for technicians was not working. In response to the review findings, in under a year HR has designed and perfected a new approach to recruitment. Although there is habitually high turnover in the industry, this has improved. The process has been well received throughout the business. Training and development initiatives have had a positive effect on the business. Drop-out rates from training programmes are low, indicating that staff and their managers value training and give it a high priority. Around 56 per cent of people are working to a personal development plan. More crucially, the National Skills Centre had a positive impact, most notably on performance of fitters, and a business case for a relocation and expansion of the facility was approved earlier in the year. Succession planning has resulted in a balance at senior levels between internal promotion and external appointments. Most vacancies are advertised internally, but an exclusively external process is used if it is known that the necessary skills and experience do not exist in the organisation or new blood is needed. Conditions for success The good reputation of HR is critical to its involvement in business planning and performance improvements. The HR director feels that HR people who understand the business they are in and are confident to be part of the issues peculiar to it is central to sustaining their reputation. This combined with enlightened senior management is how HR sustains its strategic role. In Autoglass it is accepted that people are part of the solution rather than part of the problem. The people dynamic is crucial people are a vital part of our business, says the HR director. With an overwhelming majority of their customers meeting technicians in the field face-to-face, the people element cannot be ignored.HR is fundamental to recruiting and managing these people. Influencing business heads is an important and iterative process at Autoglass. Partnerships with business heads are central to most of the projects they work on, for example the structural and pay changes in 2000.In addition, persistence with initiatives and ideas has been a large part of HRs success in adding value. While you need a few quick wins, issues such as motivation and leadership are only long term. There is no use in pretending otherwise, says the HR director. Challenges Phase One of the overall strategic process took longer than anticipated due to some complicated market research. As a consequence, the follow-up stages have been delayed. Often the stark realities of business needs are cyclical and demand short-term responses, which can inhibit longer term thinking. However, HR views this as the way things are rather than a major challenge although there can be tensions in getting people to realise that long-term solutions are vital to managing out short-term problems. For example, getting people to use new recruitment approaches and getting people to stick with it even if it does not work at first. Sustainability Building on achievements and working with the business as they evolve. Consistently reviewing HR policies and processes. Continuing to find the weak spots in the business and looking at where HR can intervene. Pushing the boundaries of the employer of choice agenda, for instance implementing a sabbatical policy. Learning and sharing across the Belron group, particularly looking at the more mature businesses in the organisation, such as those in Belgium and Holland

To what extent would you explain gender differences in terms of gender socialization?

We are living in the world with gender difference, though the difference is varied from one culture to another. Sociologists often explain gender difference in terms of the Nature and the Nurture Explanation. Nature Versus Nurture Explanation also called the Genetic versus Environmental Controversy, questions if the difference in behavior of male and female is due to their genetics (Nature) or their environment or ways of upbringing (Nurture). Some phenomenon of gender stereotypes is better explained by the Nature Explanation while most of them can be explained well by the Nurture Explanation. Though genetics do play a role in separating the actions and behaviors of males and females, it is only to a certain extent; most differences between the sexes are based on differential socialization of men and women. In this essay, it explains a little about the Nature Explanation but focus on the Nurture Explanation. It attempts to give validity to the nurture side by showing evidences that gender roles are a product of gender socialization. Firstly, it gives concrete examples of socialization in our daily lives. Then, the causes of gender difference and gender roles stereotypes will be examined by the Social Learning Theory and Cognitive Development Theory. At the end, the criticism of socialization and the recent change in socialization will also be stated. The Nature Explanation The Nature Explanation was proposed by Steven Goldbery. He argued that anthropological record shows that all human societies past and present have been patriarchies, that is, societies in which men dominate women. The majority of top positions and highest statuses are occupied by men rather than by women. Thus, Goldbery concluded that men are born with dominance. (Haralambos, 1995) Therefore, Biology, and hence genetics and hormones, serves as the answer to account for and give rise to masculinity1 and femininity2, for instance, men are more aggressive and competitive than female. The Nurture Explanation — Gender Socialization Is The Key Sociologists have also tried to open the door to the Nurture Explanation and prove that gender differences are the product of culture. Gender Socialization is one important field of the Nurture Explanation. Under the effect of socialization, male and female develop different personalities, aspirations and role expectation or even achievements in the society. 1) Examples of Gender Differences under Socialization Socialization is a gender-role model tried to specify the ways in which males and females are socialized to be what is considered masculine and feminine in a particular culture. (Abbott, 1992). Sociologists claim that we are under the effect of socialization through our life cycle. Some examples are given as follows: 1.1 Infant Socialization — Effect of Parents' Upbringing Certainly, it is difficult to distinguish between a boy baby and girl baby, apart by observing their difference in biological features. When they are being brought up, they have been unconsciously under the effect of gender socialization. It is believed that parents have great influences in extending the effects of socialization in the process of nurturing their children. For instance, boys are dressed in blue and girls in pink; girls wear dresses with hearts or flowers while boys wear super hero pajamas. 1.1.1 Toys and Games The parents' choice on toys for their children also reveals socialization. As children get older, parents reinforce gender roles by encouraging activities and choosing toys that are gender-specific. (Bryant & Check, 2000) — Girls play with Barbies dolls and kitchen sets while boys with Legos, trucks and motor cars. Toys for boys tend to encourage their exploration, manipulation, invention, construction, competition and aggression whereas girls' toys typically rate high on creativity, nurturance, and attractiveness. (Renzetti & Curran, 1998) Moreover, Parents, especially fathers, tend to engage in rougher and more physical play with sons. Moreover, even for story books and cartoons, men are always typically rewarded for being smart and brave heroes like Supermen and Spidermen; Girls are usually princess with good look and being gentle, warm and kind hearted. (Renzetti & Curran, 1998) 1.1.2 Emotional Expression and Altitudes Tthe parents socialize the boys by encouraging them from a very early age to express certain types of emotions but not others, like fearfulness. Research in 1974 and again in 1995 showed that parents, especially fathers, describe newborn girls as softer, finer-featured, smaller, weaker, and more delicate than boys. (Bryant & Check, 2000) In addition, they think that it is natural for boys to be ill-mannered and aggressive. They consider it as â€Å"energetic†. Yet girls have to be polite, gentle and quiet. All these observed behaviors are obviously not because of genetics and are not preceded when they were babies, it is the parents who think their sons should behave in these ways, and therefore they treat them in such a way that elicits these behaviors and altitudes. 1,2 Socialization of School Education Schools reinforce traditional gender roles in many ways. Boys are socialized to be more analytical, critical and scientific-minded. This accounts for the fact that boys dominate in Science subjects like Engineering, Computer Programming and Pure Sciences. Girls are socialized to be good at language, so larger proportion of girls study in Business Administration, Literature and Fine Arts. Concerning other special subjects in secondary schools, Woodwork is only available for boys whereas Home Economics is for girls only. This also creates a gender stereotypes that men must deal with heavy works but women must be learnt to do housework. 1.3 Socialization of Mass Media — Advertisements Advertisements not only sell products, but they also sell gender stereotypes. The models and photos appeared in the advertisements in newspaper and magazines are also carefully chosen to display cultural understandings about differences between male and female (Richardson, 1988): Women are chosen for selling household products and cosmetics while men selling luxurious cars, mobile phones and high technology products. Sometimes, Many advertisements even promote the product being user-friendly by saying that â€Å"Even housewives know how to use it!† They unconsciously convey a message to the public that women are intelligently inferior to men. To conclude, we have been consciously and unconsciously socialized in many aspects in our daily lives. Eventually, men develop masculinity: self reliant, independent, assertive, forceful and analytical; women develop femininity: affectionate, sympathetic, sensitive to other's need, understanding, compassionate, emotional, warm and tender. 2) Social Learning Theory and Gender Role Stereotypes Two theories have been put forward to explain gender socialization as well. They are the Social Learning Theory and the Cognitive Development. 1) Social Learning theory Mischel, Bandura and Walters have developed a theory of learning sexual identity known as Social Learning Theory. It is a behaviorlist theory that relies on reinforcement of the environment of the society and modeling explanations of behavior (Coltrane, 2001). Initially, there are few physiological or behavioral differences between males and females at birth. However, as boys and girls are treated differently and put into different learning environments by their parents, they learn the behaviours of both sexes by means of their observations. They are more likely to imitate the behaviors of his or her own sex. Eventually, they develop different needs, wants, desires, skills and temperaments and eventually give rise to masculine and feminine direction to the emotions and behaviours of men and women. Gender roles are defined â€Å"entirely social created expectation of masculine and feminine behaviour initiated and perpetuated by the institutions and values of a society† (Abbott, 1992), that is, by Socialization. Gender roles usually contain certain general characteristics. These characteristics include: i) The expectation of certain personality traits. ii) Social roles iii) Social positions and occupations In this section, it will focus on how social learning brings out gender difference in social roles and occupations. 2.1 Social learning in Social Roles Due to the traditional family structure which has been deep-rooted in people's mind, men always take up the role of fathers and breadwinners while women are mothers and housewives. As a result, men are socialized to be assertive, independent and strong so that they can be the â€Å"pillar of the family†. On the other hand, women are socialized to be gentle, warm, tender, sensitive and dependent to fulfill her jobs of taking care of their husbands as well as nurturing their children. At the same time, since parents serve as the primary models for their young children, children learn from their parents by seeing what their parents do. Thus, socialization continues to exert its effect through generations. If the mother always does all the cooking, the implication to their children is that this is women's work; if the father is always the one to climb on the roof and repair electrical appliances; children soon learn that this is men's job. (Abbott, 1992) Boys and girls thus imitate their fathers and mothers respectively by acquiring the same kind of skills and developing same personality traits. Research has found out that daughters directly internalize their mothers' attitudes because they perceive these attitudes to be realized in the practice of their mother's daily life. (Carine, 1998). The internalization of altitude of girls is stronger than that of boys as fathers have high chance to go out for work and lowers the chances for their boys to imitate. In addition, parents may consciously or unconsciously have special expectations of their boys and girls and attempt to teach a child appropriate gender role behaviour. Research shows that the more traditional the gender role attitudes of a mother, the stronger her tendency to emphasize a daughter's conformity, and the more traditional her daughter's attitudes appear to be a mother's conformist orientation substantially contributed to the extent in which daughters develop a more traditional view on gender roles. (Carine, 1998) 2,2 Gender Role Stereotypes in Occupation Gender is often attached to different social positions and occupations in several ways. This results in gender inequality in work (Haralambos, 1995): According to the Human Capital Explanation, Women are less committed to paid employment as women are generally not considered as â€Å"human capital3† by most employers. Employers believe that women, who has been socialized to be home-centred, marriage-centred and child-centre, are less committed to their work. Thus, they are often employed in the secondary labour market with lower pay, job security and promotion prospects. On the other hand, there are expected roles of men and women at work. For instance, in cultures of many countries, women are usually considered at jobs as nurses, social workers, flight attendants, domestic workers, etc because these jobs involve nurturing and sensitivity that are associated with femininity. (Abbott, 1992); by coincidence, most of the jobs associated with women rank lower in the society, thus people claim that women are being discriminated by taking up lower levels of the occupational hierarchy. For men, they are usually considered better engineers, politicians, bureaucrats as they are socialized to be more logical, rational, independent and capable. As a result, they are likely to take up professional roles in the society. Needless to say, for jobs that require excellent physical institution, like the Police Force and fire fighters, men always dominate. Women, even with accepted levels of physical institution and qualifications, are less welcomed, because female hav e been portrayed as the weaker sex. 3) Cognitive Development Theory A Cognitive Developmental Theory, advocated by Kohlbery, posits that children learn gender and gender stereotypes through their mental efforts to organize their social world. Kohlbery claimed that men and women are different and these differences constitute a central organizing principle of social life. The process is called gender polarization. The theory also views gender acquisition as a self-fulfilling prophecy. Children are active agents employing cognitive processes in understand the society and the world. Initially children understand their world by sorting objects and people into categories, one of the example is to organize information on the basis of gender categories. Children interpret and learn about gender stereotype and how to â€Å"do gender† in culturally appropriate ways in thinking and behaving. It is because as they gradually grow up, they understand that gender stereotype is central to the way the society is organized. (Coltrane. 2001) At the very early stage, a baby is not concerned with his or her gender identity. As the child gets older, he or she begins to develop an identity for him- or her-self and establishs a personality that reflects their masculinity or femininity. For example, boy and girl babies usually play with each other when they are very young, but they choose to play with other kids of the same sex starting form their Oedipal period (beyond age 3). Also, Boys are raised up by their mothers and they used to be under the clutches of their mothers. However, they want to be with their dad when they gradually grow up. They refuse to go shopping with their mothers anymore because they think that it is not something that a boy should do, according to their understanding about gender stereotype. If they play with children of the opposite sex, they are likely to be teased by their peers; if they act in such ways that do not match with their own sex, like boys wearing dresses and girls being aggressive and fighting with boys, their behavior will be considered as deviance and may even be condemned by the society. To conclude, in order to be considered as competent members of the society, men and must learn how to fit in appropriately as gender individuals. This is how cognitive development brings out gender differences. Criticism of Socialization Socialization is the evil for the rise of gender roles stereotypes, which may cause gender inequalities and many problems in the society. Throughout the history, all human societies have been patriarchies and androcentristic, that is, male are superior to female and male experience is the normative standard (Coltrane, 2001) Girls seem to accept a negative stereotype of their abilities. Research studies showed that even girls get better grades in the college than the boys do, they are less likely to believe that they can be more successful in a career (Abbott, 1992). Job segregation and alienation caused by gender role stereotypes greatly narrow the field of career that each sex can choose. Both men and women may be prevented form choosing certain careers that are considered as not suitable for their sex: Women find it difficult to be fire fighters and join and Police Force. Similarly, men's chances to be secretaries, nurses and flight attendants are much reduced even they are ambitious to do so. Therefore, socialization is to blame for limiting the potential development for both sexes. Regrettably, because of socializa tion, employment somehow counts on sex, but not ability. Men and women have been socialized to perform certain gender specific roles. These roles have been changing in the society at a relatively rapid pace, but the traditional value of gender role stereotypes is changing at the same rate. One vivid example is that women nowadays may earn more than their husbands do and provide for the families whereas men are forced to take up the role of doing housework and rearing children. Thus, negative consequences arise from resistance to these role changes. This imbalance of role and value change has large implications for the future of the stability of the family. The difficulty our society has with accepting these changing roles can cause strain between spouses which can ultimately lead to an increased divorce rate. Worse still, if the accepted traits of stereotypes do not match with a person's real inclination or characteristics, this could causes stress and leads to low self-esteem of both sexes for being unable to live up to an ideal masculinity and femininity. (Reiter, 1980) High degrees of competitiveness may lead to stress and violence in men; passivity and dependence may leave women unable to support themselves in a crisis. In more serious case, the problem can be fatal: Men have long been socialized to be strong and independent. The pressure to conform to traditional roles limits the emotional expression by men and hinders them from seeking assistance even when they encounter high level of psychological stress. This can explain the increased suicidal rate of men in recent decades. Changing Gender Role of Stereotypes However, as mentioned before, socialization occurs in different ways according to the time and the particular culture. When time changes, there are also changes in the forms of socialization. Firstly, there is an obvious change in pattern of the labour force. Women are getting more education and this makes the working opportunities to them more attractive. They can become professional like lawyers, doctors, accountant, engineer, etc. Today, many important government positions and even principal officers in Hong Kong have been taken up by women. For example, the former Chief Secretary for Administration, Mrs. Anson Chan, the former Secretary for Security, Mrs. Regina Ip and the Secretary for Justice, Ms. Elsie Leung are influential political figures in the society. Secondly, as women begin to marry later and are more likely to stay in the labour force longer, more employers are more confident and willing to employ female in the primary labour market which gives them higher income and promotion prospects. Lastly, because of the economic downturn, there is an increased participation in the work force. All these train women to be as competitive and capable as men in order to survive. Women are no longer expected to take up occupations at the lower level of the occupational hierarchy. In addition, there is also a slight change in the gender role in the family: Mothers have increasing power in the family, no matter in terms of finance and â€Å"administration†. Fathers are no longer as the only breed winner while mothers also contribute to the finance of the family. Similarly, housework is not considered as women's work anymore, but it is duty shared by both fathers and mothers. Besides, mothers have a say at home on all matters and involves in important decision making. Conclusion: Strike A Good Balance To conclude, many daily examples have proved that socialization is the evil for most cases of gender difference. It portrays the expected image of male and female in one culture and also restrict their thinking, behaviour and lives in a number of ways. As given in the previous paragraph â€Å"Criticism of Socialization†, many problems may arise when stereotypes are seen as ideals for behaviour which makes people follow blindly. It seems that socialization is an inevitable evil deep rooted in our norms and values. Thus, it is important to strike a balance: we can live under the effect of socialization but we should avoid serious gender stereotypes. Only by doing so, we can build up a healthy society where gender differences and inequality can be minimized.

Unit

These two levels are very different, and must be approached by those delivering the learning with awareness of the altered factors. Hence why all curriculums need to different to meet the requirements of learners. Pedagogy is when you are teaching learners that fit into the ‘child to adult' spectrum of development. This covers secondary school and some further education levels. When delivering the learning you need to be aware that they are not self motivated like mature learners, so you have to approach the teaching differently.They must be shown the benefits of what they are tidying to understand where it fits into the grand scheme of their education, where this subject is leading. If they are shown progression and a point to the learning, it will aid in their motivation. You need to constantly change the learning styles. This is true of all teaching, but more so with the pedagogy principle. Young learners need to be interested in the topic or the format of learning it. As th ey are at a stage in their education where it is compulsory, not every learner it the classroom wants to be there. This makes them harder to engage and keep engaged.Constant changing of learning styles will aid his. Androgyny is the second principle of learning. This deals with mature learners. This has the same issues as the pedagogy principle, just cased in a different format. Most androgyny learners are there because they want to increase their knowledge in a topic they find interesting, because they have chosen it. However, like secondary school, some learners are there because they have to be. Many occupations come with contractual obligations to pass a certain qualification. Not all those mature learners enjoy this aspect, so the teacher is faced with the same problem of motivation.Teaching mature learners also has barriers to learning. In the last ten years the face Of education has changed dramatically with the introduction on a large scale of IT usage. Some mature learners who have been out of the educational cycle for some time may find this intimidating. They may be used to certain methods of learning which are now defunct. These barriers have to be approached and overcome. As my subject specialist area requires a massive amount of work to be done have just adjust my teaching style and approach as not to isolate any learners. SE Mason's theory heavily for this and scaffold learning by delivering Photos at the most basic level. As not disengage the more competent learners I ensure there are an array of strength and challenge extension tasks embedded with the lesson and throughout the curriculum. When considering your curriculum and how best to deliver it, I use a broad range of principles. These range from. Behaviorism The behaviorism approach can be summed up by the term ‘what you see'. This theory believes effective teaching occurs when the learner practices the task until they learn the process of doing it.It base is that by reinforcing a es pouse to learning over and over again, the learner stores the information. Pavlov experimented with conditioned learning with his salivating dogs study. This has however been criticized due to the usage of animals as test subjects instead of humans. However, his experiment had some conclusive results in favor of what he suggested. Behaviorist's state that the learner gets pleasure from completing a task and receiving praise for doing so. ‘We should not underestimate the satisfaction and educational value which pupils get from satisfactorily completing an action, however simple', (Maryland 1993).This form of reinforcement can be very useful with learners that are not operating at a very high level within the cognitive domain. It is also effective within practical based work, which involves the usage Of certain tools or equipment. This method is used in competency based exams or work. I implement this into my teaching as I do like to praise good practice by having a badge system . This may sound immature but the learners really do enjoy it. The department has within a badge representing a different lecturer. The learners are task to collect as may badges as the can.We have found that the learners wear these badges n the lanyards as a mark of achievement and they have become very popular, with all learners trying to get â€Å"the full set†. The competition amongst the students is very healthy and it means that the learners try their best in order to achieve by positive reinforcement. Cognitive – This theory looks at learner in a different way. It is the learner, and not the learning task that is important, (Curran, 2000, page 91). Cosmogonists believe it is the internal changes that occur as a result of learning that is significant. How we gain and organizes the knowledge is key.They believe that we relate ewe information to existing information we already have. Our prior experiences influence the way we look upon a new subject and the way we p rocess it. The cognitive theorist Burner believe discovery learning to be the most effective and authentic method of achieving a real understanding of the underlying principles off topic, (Remarriage et al, 2003, page 77). He feels the learner will have a clearer understanding if they are allowed to interpret the information gained in the way that suits their individual internal structure better. He also claims that discovery learning can be used to teach anyone.Criticism of this theory states that it requires all learners to have a cognitive maturity that allows them to ‘self teach'. Not all learners' function upon such a high level of Bloom's Taxonomy is what they state. When look at these principles of learning and how I use these to help structure my curriculum, can relate both to my teaching and practice. Due to the practical nature of what I teach, much of my teaching takes the form of learning by doing. This behaviorism theory works very effectively within the format us e it. I have to teach my learners how to use the editing software as part of a unit deliver.The process I use is demonstration followed by practice. This is repeated until the learners have been conditioned to understand how to use the equipment. Whilst they are on task with this, I deliberately take a step back and allow them to learn through trial and error. Using this form of delayed feedback assists them in understanding the process better, (Race & Walker, 2003, page 83). Another element of this theory I use is immediate praise. â€Å"The more frequent and instant the praise, the greater the motivational effect,† (Petty, 1 998, page 59). Discussion session also form a large part of teaching due to the social tauter of the group.I take these opportunities to give immediate feedback to learners when they have raised a good or connected point. The results are very apparent with the learners becoming much more vocal when they have had one of their points praised. I use this m ore with the quiet learners to produce better involvement within the group. Looking at how I incorporate cognitive approaches, my attention is drawn to the research assignment my class produces. The whole point of the assignment is to lead their own learning on a chosen topic. The basis of this assignment is to research a topic with the idea of producing specialist area presentation relating to it. Unit The understanding of the policies and procedures is that by working with hillier and young people , is that the welfare of the child is paramount , and it is the responsibility of all adults to safeguard and to promote the welfare of children and young people . Adults that work with children are responsible for their own actions , and behavior . Adults should work and be seen to work in an open and transparent way .They should have the same professional standards regarding culture, disability , race, gender, language , religious belief and or sexual identity. Understand how to respond to evidence or concerns that a child or young person has been abused or harmed. The possible signs and symptoms , indicators and behaviors that may concern are as follows: 1: Physical Abuse , they may have unexplained marks on their body, they may hide them so no one can see.They may make excuses for the individual that is there abuser , There could be possible signs of sexual abuse, egg by having bruis ing in certain areas , like around the wrists in the groin area. 2: Mental and Emotional abuse , these is where the young hill/ person may look withdrawn, may not like to deal with people and may not feel comfortable around certain people which could indicate that one of these people could be their abuser. : Isolation is another form of abuse where the individual is isolated from others, and is made to feel that they are being punished. Unit The 5 foundations of networking are necessary for allowing one device to communicate with another, because without any one of those five pieces of foundation, the communication wouldn't work. Without the media, you wouldn't be able to connect to anything, since media is your signal. Without an interface you wouldn't be able to access any Information on your computer. If you TLD have a signal, you wouldn't be able to transmit any Information or data.Without a pattern, the formation of the signals to be Interpreted would be Jumbled, and misunderstood. Without timing, your information wouldn't be synchronized, and it could start a new pattern at any time. Exercise 2. 1. 2 Computers are able to multicast, and they have the ability to comply with different settings. Exercise 2. 1. 3 I couldn't complete this exercise or 2. 1. 4 because I do not own a computer with Windows XP on it. Exercise 2. 1 Review 1 _ The difference between a peripheral device and a hardware device Is, with peripheral devices they are dependent upon a host.Peripheral devices are things like printers, scanners, and game controllers. 2. I would want to limit the type of incoming connections that are allowed on a computer because you're using a lot of broadband to be able to handle bringing in that much information. The computer, or device would respond slower and slower the more your use It. 3. Peer-to-peer networks are beneficial because you can communicate with everyone that's on that network without having to get on another network. Its purpose Is to assist companies and corporations to communicate easily and effectively.LAB 2. 2 Exercise 2. 2. 1 In my pollen, buying a single $500 printer would be more cost effective than buying everyone their own personal printer. You would spend three times as much n paper and ink on every personal printer than you would on one single printer each month. Since office printers beginning sale runs about $600, if it's not in your budget to have more than one pri nter, it would be easier and more convenient for the company to get a cheap individual $20 printers. Exercise 2. 2. 2.If each printer prints 180 pages an hour and each user prints 22 pages an hour, if you only have printer, you're automatically overloading the printer every hour. Having four printers would prevent printer overloads or Jams. Exercise 2. 2. 3 My computer > network drive> Drive: R> Folder > Documents >Ashley>Izard Schoolwork> Networking connection failed. Exercise 2. 2. 4 Drawbacks of using a networked drive for storing important documents is the possibility of losing all of your important documents.The drive could become malicious and would have to be wiped. Exercise 2. 2. 5 Made new shortcut to internet on my desktop.. Exercise 2. 2. 6 You should verify that the network resource is connected correctly at least daily. If the resource is moved or taken offline your shortcut will not work. I turned off the internet on my computer and then tried to use the shortcut and t his is the screen I received. When network is turned back on it works normally. Lab 2. 2 Review 1 .It is infeasible to create a shortcut to every website you use frequently because you can add them as favorites to your internet browser. It wouldn't be probable to add every shortcut to a website that you use because it could slow your memory on your computer. 2. I do not think it would be a good idea to create multiple mounted drives for different folders because you will be dividing your broadband by however many devices you have connected. 3. Sharing resources is a great advantage in a network because it provides the ability to send information easily and quickly. Unit The understanding of the policies and procedures is that by working with hillier and young people , is that the welfare of the child is paramount , and it is the responsibility of all adults to safeguard and to promote the welfare of children and young people . Adults that work with children are responsible for their own actions , and behavior . Adults should work and be seen to work in an open and transparent way .They should have the same professional standards regarding culture, disability , race, gender, language , religious belief and or sexual identity. Understand how to respond to evidence or concerns that a child or young person has been abused or harmed. The possible signs and symptoms , indicators and behaviors that may concern are as follows: 1: Physical Abuse , they may have unexplained marks on their body, they may hide them so no one can see.They may make excuses for the individual that is there abuser , There could be possible signs of sexual abuse, egg by having bruis ing in certain areas , like around the wrists in the groin area. 2: Mental and Emotional abuse , these is where the young hill/ person may look withdrawn, may not like to deal with people and may not feel comfortable around certain people which could indicate that one of these people could be their abuser. : Isolation is another form of abuse where the individual is isolated from others, and is made to feel that they are being punished. Unit In this task I will be writing a case study about two different individuals who have different needs to one another, in order to complete an application for my second year to train as a social worker. Michael is a 79 year old man who lives in a residential care home because he cannot look after himself as he has dementia and forgets to do things like feed himself, wash himself. He cannot go out to the shop or even go for a walk about because he cannot stable himself to walk properly and finds it hard to walk around without being in pain because of his arthritis.When he was younger he used to work in the metal works making all sorts of metal which was used for buildings, doors anything that had metal in them Michael has made in the metal works. Michael even used run to keep him health and fit he would even do cross country running. Michael is an atheist who doesn't believe in anything and he still gets on with his life even though his friends believe in different religions such as Chr istian, Muslim. Michaels family live almost 2 hours away which means they cannot go and see him as much as they would like to see him and because of that he eels really lonely and that he has no one to talk to.Michael has one younger brother who lives abroad so he doesn't have a chance to see him unless he comes back to the I-J for like 4 weeks every year and if he comes to see Michael. Nancy is a 83 year old woman who lives in a residential care home because she arthritis, she has also broken her wrist which enables her to be able to wash herself properly, she also has bipolar disorder. Bipolar is also known as manic depression this condition can affect your mood which can swing from one extreme to the other.Nancy goes through a tag of depression every day after losing her husband 2 years ago and she thinks that she is worthless and that she cannot do anything right. Nancy is a Christian who follows the religion very carefully and listens to what is right and knows what is wrong an d she is strict by following the rules. Nanny's family come to see her every two days because they live 30 minutes away which means they can come see her more often and she likes that they come and see her because they are the only family she has got and she can talk to them and have fun with them.Nancy is the youngest r her and her sister but her sister never comes to see her because she has her own problems such as bad arthritis pains in her legs and her knees which enables her to walk. When she was younger Nancy used to love running, swimming she used to take part in sports for her school teams she used to travel up and down the country in order to take part in competing for her school team to win medals and for the school to win some medals.Empowerment of individual- Giving individuals enough information to enable them to make informed decisions and make choices about their life. It lies at the heart of the care value base, devised by the Care Sector Consortium in 1992. The care worker could empower Michael by getting him a mobility scooter so he can get out of the house rather than being indoors all day on how own. A mobility scooter is an electronic scooter that lets people who cannot walk properly still get out and about of the house.Also where Michael has dementia he tends to forget things very easily so the care worker could leave him notes in important places such as the kitchen, bathroom, and toilet telling him how to use the things that are in there and how to cook his food. This would help him physically because he is still getting out and about and leading a normal life also he would be eating instead of forgetting to eat. Intellectually it would help him because he is still thinking and using his brain to read the notes that have been left for him.It would help Michael emotionally because after years of being stuck in doors on his own he will be able to go out into the fresh air and go to the shops and parks on his own without worrying about not being able to walk properly, also it would help his socially because once he starts getting out the house he can interact with new people and tart making friends whilst he is out instead of having no friends and being alone.The care worker could empower Nancy by getting her a career who with her all day and leaves at night, the career would help Nancy to open Jars, fridges, doors and anything that Nancy would not be able to open because of her arthritis, and because of her broken wrist she is unable to do a lot of things for herself, especially washing herself when she is taking a bath or a shower. Also she could take some lessons on working on her bipolar in order to stop it from getting any worse and calming it down which is causing her to become even more depressed than she normally is and is making her keep herself to herself and not talk to anyone else.Physically this will help Nancy to get back to the way she was where she would talk to anyone and everyone in the nursing home . It would make her a better person for herself and others. Intellectually it will help her to understand that her bipolar is causing her to shut herself away from everyone and that she has no one to talk to when she needs people to talk to, to cheer her up. This will help her emotionally because she knows hat she would be getting help in order for her to get better and that she would have more people to talk to when she needs them.It would also help her socially because she can talk to people about her depression and losing her husband and she would make more friends whilst she is at the residential care home. Promotion of choice- Every person should be encouraged to exercise their choice or control of their lives for example by choosing which activities they want to take part in when they are in a residential care setting. An advocate can help them to understand that the choice is remoter by representing the individual and explaining what is important to them.Michael could have th e promotion of choice by being asked does he want to be able to get out of the house instead of being there all day on his own with no one to talk to or to make any friends. This could help him physically because he is being given a choice to go outside on the scooter or be inside all day. Intellectually it makes him think does he want to get out of the house into fresh air or being indoors all day doing the same things he usually does. Emotionally this helps him to feel as if he can o things on his own without any help from people and makes him think that he does have a choice.Socially this will help him because if he does go out he can make new friends and meet new people rather than him being on his own. Nancy could have the promotion of choice by being asked does she want to go to classes which could help her with her bipolar disorder which could help her to stop being depressed. Physically this can help her become a better person and a happier person all round. Intellectually i t could help her to become a stronger person fighting her own battles thou other people doing it for her and to become a better person like she was before everything happened.Emotionally it could help her see that she is bringing herself down and is causing her more pain and hurt. This would help her socially because she would be able to talk to people more about how she is feeling and what she is going through and she would be able to make more friends and be able to spend time with them more. Promotion of rights- Every individual in a health and social care setting environment has the rights to confidentiality, choice and to have their individuality acknowledged and respected. All individuals have a right to voice their opinions and receive effective communication.They must have access to the policies and procedures of the organization that is providing their care. Michael has the provision of rights by knowing that he has the right to choose if he wants to have the scooter and he has the rights to his own confidentiality by means of which no one else should know what his problems are. Physically this would make him feel better of himself because no one else would know what kind of problems are going on with him and only he and the career would understand what kind of needs he has.Intellectually this would make him think that he can trust the career and can tell them what it is he needs and nothing would be said to anyone else. Emotionally this would make Michael understand that the career is there for his needs and his needs only and would help him anyway that they can. Socially this would make Michael be able to talk to people more and maybe he could tell them what is the matter with him and they would understand. Nancy has the provision of rights by choosing if she wants to have a career with her every day to help her to open things such as Jars and if she ants to have classes to help with her bipolar.Physically this could help Nancy because she knows tha t she has a right to choose what she wants to do with her life a future. Intellectually this would help Nancy to think that she can have a career with her to help her do things more easily than doing it herself. Emotionally this will help Nancy to understand that there is help there if she needs it and if she was to ask they would help her and not turn away and leave her to do it herself. Socially this will help her to talk to people easier and understand that she can talk about her robbers with people.Recognition of preferences- When providing social care support for vulnerable people, it is important to find out and recognize their preferences. This helps to ensure that they are able to live independently and allow them to stay in control of their daily lives. For example individuals should be able to state their preferences as to the type of support they wish to receive. Michael has a right to recognition of preferences by knowing that he could live by himself if he wanted to but he would still need help to do the daily things that people have to do.Physically this would help him to learn to live on his own without lots of people being around all the time wanting to know his business. Intellectually this would help Michael to understand that he could try and do things on his own rather than wanting to rely on other people to do it for him and be more independent. Emotionally this would help Michael to understand that he could live on his own and try to do things on his own with the exception of a career being there for him. Socially this would enable Michael to talk to people more than Just being on his own and leaning with his problems and knowing that he can talk to people about it.Nancy has the recognition of rights by knowing that she could live on her own, if she wanted to but she would still need help to do the daily things that people have to do. Physically this would help Nancy to understand that she could live on her own but have a career there Jus t in case she needs them to help her wash and to help her get up from a chair because of her arthritis. Intellectually this could help her understand that they are giving her a chance to do things independently and not having people here 2417 doing it for her.Emotionally this could help Nancy to realism that she could do things for herself she don't always need someone there to make sure that she can do it. Socially this would help her to get out more and to interact with other people around and not be left on her own. Involvement of individuals in planning their support- Care should be person-centered which means that care is focused on the individual to ensure that independence and autonomy are promoted. A social care worker should not make any decision or start delivering a service without discussion ND consultation with the individual involved.Michael has the right to be involved of planning in his support by telling the career when he needs help and if he wants help rather than Just getting help when he don't want it. Physically this would help Michael to understand that he can tell the career when he wants or needs help rather than Just getting it and making him depressed. Intellectually this could help him to know that he can talk to the career rather than being scared and not talking to the career about it. Emotionally this can help Michael to know that the career is there of hey are needed and he Just has to ask for help.Socially this will help him to talk to the career more instead of being scared to ask in case the career doesn't listen to him. Nancy has the right to be involved of planning in her support by telling the career when she needs help and if she wants help rather than Just getting help when she don't want it. Physically this can help Nancy to know that the career is always there if they are needed and will help when asked. Intellectually this will help her to think that the career will always help when they are asked instead of doing it when they are not asked.Emotionally this will help Nancy to understand that she can do things for herself but the career is there Just to help her when needed. Socially this helps Nancy to understand that she can talk to people about what is going on and that she can ask for help when needed. Respect for diversity- Britain is a multicultural society and this has an impact on health and social care delivery. The value of diversity should be obvious but unfortunately many people lack knowledge and understanding of different cultures, races or religions, and may therefore become fearful of something or someone who is different.Michael has the right of respect for diversity knowing that he is atheist and the careers could be another religion he wouldn't asking for things that they perhaps may not like or might not want to do. Physically this could help Michael to understand that if he wanted something cooked that they may not like to cook because they do not like it in their religion th ey may not want to cook it. Intellectually this would make him think that maybe he could try and do it for himself while the career watches him. Emotionally this will help him to understand other religions more and what their beliefs are.Socially this could make him understand that talking to them about their different religion is good and so that he can understand what they believe in. Nancy has the right of respect for diversity knowing that she is Christian and the careers could be another religion she wouldn't asking for things that they perhaps may not like or might not want to do. Physically this will help Nancy to understand that everyone's religion and beliefs are different they are not all the same. Intellectually this would make Nancy understand that not everyone has the same religion and they all believe in different things.Emotionally this will make her think that she could try and do things for herself. Socially this could make her think that she might want to try and d o things for herself. Holistic approach- All care work is about improving an individual's quality of life by taking a holistic approach to providing care. Holistic care means looking at all of a person's needs and providing opportunities for these needs to be met. The career has the right to try and improve the individual's quality of life by taking the persons needs and trying to make the best out of them.Michael has the rights to a career because of his dementia. Physically this makes him understand that he is important and that his needs are trying to be met and looked after well. Intellectually this will make him think that his needs are important and that the career will always help him. Emotionally this will help Michael to understand that he can try and do things for himself whilst the career is there watching him to make sure that he is safe. Socially this will help Michael to understand that he can talk to the career about his needs and what he thinks can be done about them .Nanny's needs are that she has arthritis, broken wrist and she has bipolar disorder and the career should help her to do daily things so she can live a quality life. Physically this will make Nancy understand that she can still do everything that she could do when she had no problems but she Just has to have a career there to help her. Intellectually this could get Nancy to understand that she could try and do it for herself. Emotionally this will get Nancy to understand that she should try and walk around more to help her try and gain her strength again.Socially this can help her to know that she could talk to people about her problems and try talking to people about her bipolar disorder. Multi- agency involvement- Multi- disciplinary working is about teams of workers from all different specialist professions and services working together in order to prevent problems from occurring in the support planning process. Working well with other agencies allows for all the different optio ns to be considered and resources can be offered to be included in a support plan.It is extremely important for the service provider to be fully aware of the power they have in their professional capacity and not misuse the power. This means being aware of the conflicts that can emerge in relation to the individuals rights and needs Michael has the right to multi-agency involvement because of his dementia and arthritis which means that he could need a doctor and maybe the physiotherapist in order for him to be able to walk properly again and to help him to try and remember things. Physically this would help Michael to remember things instead or forgetting them instantly.Intellectually this will help him to start remembering people he used to know and how to things at home like shower, cook. Emotionally this can help him to become a better person and start getting him to do things for himself. Socially this will help Michael talk to people more without forgetting things. Nancy has ar thritis and bipolar which means she would need a doctor and maybe social worker so she can talk to people about her problems. Physically this will help Nancy to understand that maybe she should talk about her problems rather than keep them to herself.Intellectually this can help her to start getting rid of all the guilt that she is keeping inside her rather than letting it out. Emotionally this will help her to understand that maybe people are right she should start talking to people more instead of keeping herself to herself. Socially this will help Nancy to understand that no one will make fun of her if she tells them she has bipolar. Anti-Discriminatory practice- Discrimination is caused by prejudice which in turn leads to negative behavior.Discriminatory actions or behavior can lead to some people not having their needs met. Negative behavior can damage a person physically and psychologically and can also cause stress. Michael thinks that people will make fun of his because he h as dementia and that he keeps forgetting things easily than any other person may not. Physically this makes him depressed because e thinks that he is worthless, he can talk to doctor to help him understand why they might do that. Intellectually it makes him think that no one cares about him and they don't want to know him.Emotionally this will make him think that he is worthless and that he can't trust anyone. Socially this makes him not want to talk to people about his problems and keep them to himself. Nancy doesn't want to tell anyone about her problems because she thinks they might not take her seriously and find it all a Joke if she tells them she has bipolar. Physically this makes her down in herself and would ant to keep herself away from other people. Intellectually this will makes Nancy think why would she want to share her problems with people she thinks would understand but don't.Emotionally it would make her think that she is nothing and that no one really cares about he r. Socially this would make her not want to talk to people because they might make fun of her. Maintaining confidentiality- Every individual has a right to confidentiality and privacy and control over their personal details. Maintaining confidentiality has become a specific issue in principles and values. It is vital to successful care giving to keep information provided by all individuals confidential.Michael trusts the career to keep his problems confidential and not tell anyone else without telling him first and making sure that they could tell the other person. Physically this would make him think that he can trust them and believe them if they say they won't tell anyone. Intellectually this will make him think if he can tell them or not without them telling anyone about his problems. Emotionally this will make Michael feel trustworthy towards his career and would be able to tell them things he wouldn't tell other people.Socially this would help Michael to talk more to people ab out all thee problems he has and has confidence. Nancy trusts the career to keep her problems confidential and not to tell anyone else without telling her first and making sure that they could tell the other person. Physically this would make her feel as if she could trust their career and could tell them all about her problems. Intellectually this will make Nancy understand that maybe she could tell there career things and they wouldn't tell anyone else about them.Emotionally this will cake her feel as if she can put all her trust in the career and tell them things they wouldn't normally tell other people. Socially this could show her that she could talk to other people about her problems without being laughed at. Ml- Review the benefit to individuals and professional staff, of taking a holistic approach to planning support Holistic Approach- A holistic view means that we are interested in engaging and developing the whole person. You can think of this as different levels, such as physical, emotional, mental and spiritual.It's the concept that the human being is lit-dimensional. We have conscious and unconscious aspects, rational and irrational aspects. It is important for care professionals to help support the whole individual because it then helps the person in care to be looked after properly and have their needs met when it is needed. The purpose of this essay is to get people to understand what holistic approach and why it is important for health care professionals to follow and support the individual with the needs that they need. Five advantages of working in a holistic way for Michael and Nancy are, Empowers themMichael will feel like he can make his own formed decision and choose whether or not he wants to do something that he might not want to do in the first place. Secondly it can make him more confident in himself to do things on his own and carry out tasks that he thought he might not be able to do in the first place instead of the career doing i t all for him. Also he will feel more socially competent, he wants to go outside more by himself and try to meet new people every time he goes out. He has made a few friends who he goes and see and they come to his and they talk to each there or go for walks.Nancy will feel as if she can make her own formed decision because the career gives her a choice whether she wants to do something or not and the career doesn't force her into doing it if she doesn't want to. Nancy will have more confidence in herself to do the tasks on her own without the career doing it all for her which could make her feel as if she can't do things. She will also feel more socially competent she can talk to people a lot more than she used to before her career was with her, she is also able to go outside on her own meeting new people and making new friends.She can maintain a strong friendship with people because she likes meeting new people. Respects them and treats them as individuals Michael might feel respe cted and feel important by the career because he or she helps them to do the things that they cannot do.. Whereas the doctors think that he cannot do things on his own and that he has to have a career with him 2417 to help him get up and around the house or go outside and is concerned about his wellbeing. Michael will be treated as an individual and will have the right to influence the right kind of treatment that he needs and not be given the wrong type of treatment. Unit DO- explain how establishing a safe and secure environment can support the procedures necessary for accident, illnesses and emergencies. The layout of the environment in a setting should be suitable for the safety of the children. This means that toys, playing equipotent, tables and chairs should be age appropriate. If an accident occurred your role is to: check the child is safe, calm and comfortable, fill out and accidents form reporting the accident which is signed by a member of staffed the manager and parents.The accident should be reported in a standard nursery accident book. If necessary POSTED could be contacted due to neglect of the setting. The setting should ensure that engagements are provided for the number of children to ensure every child is safe, practitioners should know first aid and should be trained in the resources for the safety of the children and should m,aka sure they know how everything works. Whilst outside a secure environment is essential to ensure no chi ldren can leave the premises and none of the public can get into the scenting.To prevent accident happening in the nursery wet floors should be dried immediately to prevent children form running and slipping on it. Making sure all cleaning equipotent is out of reach of children and all rooms should be fitted with gates or doors to ensure a;; children stay in the room and don't wonder into dangerous zones such as the kitchen In a setting a clean environment is essential, there must be a cleaning Rota provided to ensure cleaning is regular and this Rota is checked regularly to ensure children can use a clean toilet area which is free of bacteria to stop children becoming ill.Young babies and young children's equipotent must've sterilized to prevent them from catching colds and illnesses, this s from the children putting toys in their mouths and their immune system being so weak. Hand washing facilities should be suitable for the children's age and the children should know the importan ce of washing their hands and that it prevents them from getting ill.To prevent passing on colds, when wiping children's noses, children shouldn't share tissues and between wiping each chills nose you should wash your hands to prevent illness. Simple procedures like making sure children have their own cups and plates and baby bottles aren't mixed up can prevent illness and infection between children Unit These two levels are very different, and must be approached by those delivering the learning with awareness of the altered factors. Hence why all curriculums need to different to meet the requirements of learners. Pedagogy is when you are teaching learners that fit into the ‘child to adult' spectrum of development. This covers secondary school and some further education levels. When delivering the learning you need to be aware that they are not self motivated like mature learners, so you have to approach the teaching differently.They must be shown the benefits of what they are tidying to understand where it fits into the grand scheme of their education, where this subject is leading. If they are shown progression and a point to the learning, it will aid in their motivation. You need to constantly change the learning styles. This is true of all teaching, but more so with the pedagogy principle. Young learners need to be interested in the topic or the format of learning it. As th ey are at a stage in their education where it is compulsory, not every learner it the classroom wants to be there. This makes them harder to engage and keep engaged.Constant changing of learning styles will aid his. Androgyny is the second principle of learning. This deals with mature learners. This has the same issues as the pedagogy principle, just cased in a different format. Most androgyny learners are there because they want to increase their knowledge in a topic they find interesting, because they have chosen it. However, like secondary school, some learners are there because they have to be. Many occupations come with contractual obligations to pass a certain qualification. Not all those mature learners enjoy this aspect, so the teacher is faced with the same problem of motivation.Teaching mature learners also has barriers to learning. In the last ten years the face Of education has changed dramatically with the introduction on a large scale of IT usage. Some mature learners who have been out of the educational cycle for some time may find this intimidating. They may be used to certain methods of learning which are now defunct. These barriers have to be approached and overcome. As my subject specialist area requires a massive amount of work to be done have just adjust my teaching style and approach as not to isolate any learners. SE Mason's theory heavily for this and scaffold learning by delivering Photos at the most basic level. As not disengage the more competent learners I ensure there are an array of strength and challenge extension tasks embedded with the lesson and throughout the curriculum. When considering your curriculum and how best to deliver it, I use a broad range of principles. These range from. Behaviorism The behaviorism approach can be summed up by the term ‘what you see'. This theory believes effective teaching occurs when the learner practices the task until they learn the process of doing it.It base is that by reinforcing a es pouse to learning over and over again, the learner stores the information. Pavlov experimented with conditioned learning with his salivating dogs study. This has however been criticized due to the usage of animals as test subjects instead of humans. However, his experiment had some conclusive results in favor of what he suggested. Behaviorist's state that the learner gets pleasure from completing a task and receiving praise for doing so. ‘We should not underestimate the satisfaction and educational value which pupils get from satisfactorily completing an action, however simple', (Maryland 1993).This form of reinforcement can be very useful with learners that are not operating at a very high level within the cognitive domain. It is also effective within practical based work, which involves the usage Of certain tools or equipment. This method is used in competency based exams or work. I implement this into my teaching as I do like to praise good practice by having a badge system . This may sound immature but the learners really do enjoy it. The department has within a badge representing a different lecturer. The learners are task to collect as may badges as the can.We have found that the learners wear these badges n the lanyards as a mark of achievement and they have become very popular, with all learners trying to get â€Å"the full set†. The competition amongst the students is very healthy and it means that the learners try their best in order to achieve by positive reinforcement. Cognitive – This theory looks at learner in a different way. It is the learner, and not the learning task that is important, (Curran, 2000, page 91). Cosmogonists believe it is the internal changes that occur as a result of learning that is significant. How we gain and organizes the knowledge is key.They believe that we relate ewe information to existing information we already have. Our prior experiences influence the way we look upon a new subject and the way we p rocess it. The cognitive theorist Burner believe discovery learning to be the most effective and authentic method of achieving a real understanding of the underlying principles off topic, (Remarriage et al, 2003, page 77). He feels the learner will have a clearer understanding if they are allowed to interpret the information gained in the way that suits their individual internal structure better. He also claims that discovery learning can be used to teach anyone.Criticism of this theory states that it requires all learners to have a cognitive maturity that allows them to ‘self teach'. Not all learners' function upon such a high level of Bloom's Taxonomy is what they state. When look at these principles of learning and how I use these to help structure my curriculum, can relate both to my teaching and practice. Due to the practical nature of what I teach, much of my teaching takes the form of learning by doing. This behaviorism theory works very effectively within the format us e it. I have to teach my learners how to use the editing software as part of a unit deliver.The process I use is demonstration followed by practice. This is repeated until the learners have been conditioned to understand how to use the equipment. Whilst they are on task with this, I deliberately take a step back and allow them to learn through trial and error. Using this form of delayed feedback assists them in understanding the process better, (Race & Walker, 2003, page 83). Another element of this theory I use is immediate praise. â€Å"The more frequent and instant the praise, the greater the motivational effect,† (Petty, 1 998, page 59). Discussion session also form a large part of teaching due to the social tauter of the group.I take these opportunities to give immediate feedback to learners when they have raised a good or connected point. The results are very apparent with the learners becoming much more vocal when they have had one of their points praised. I use this m ore with the quiet learners to produce better involvement within the group. Looking at how I incorporate cognitive approaches, my attention is drawn to the research assignment my class produces. The whole point of the assignment is to lead their own learning on a chosen topic. The basis of this assignment is to research a topic with the idea of producing specialist area presentation relating to it. Unit The difference between Proactive and Reactive is, Proactive is the strategies that are put in place to prevent challenging behavior occurring and Reactive is the way that challenging behavior is managed once it has occurred. 2. 2 Proactive strategies that are in place are removal of potential triggers, use of person centered planning for each service user so that they obtain a consistent approach from staff tailored to their personal needs.Reactive strategies that are in place are hat each individual service user has a physical intervention plan that has been agreed to by a multi disciplinary team, also with a consistent approach and debriefs after incidents De escalation techniques are constantly documented and plans updated. 2. The importance of identify patterns of behavior or triggers is crucial in establishing both Proactive and Reactive strategies to enable staff to constantly update plans, so that potential challenging behavior can be minimized and managed better, educing risk s to the service user, staff and others ,to improve quality of life and social inclusion. 2. 4 Person centered approaches enable the service user to have a constant approach tailored for there specific needs, with person centered tools, what is important to the service user can be identified and care plans put in place to reduce risk of challenging behavior. . 5 Positive behavior should be reinforced to boost service user morale and self esteem, o encourage better behavior and more positive outcomes service users should be praised when showing good behavior or achieving simple tasks, service users thrive in a positive friendly environment. Unit The 5 foundations of networking are necessary for allowing one device to communicate with another, because without any one of those five pieces of foundation, the communication wouldn't work. Without the media, you wouldn't be able to connect to anything, since media is your signal. Without an interface you wouldn't be able to access any Information on your computer. If you TLD have a signal, you wouldn't be able to transmit any Information or data.Without a pattern, the formation of the signals to be Interpreted would be Jumbled, and misunderstood. Without timing, your information wouldn't be synchronized, and it could start a new pattern at any time. Exercise 2. 1. 2 Computers are able to multicast, and they have the ability to comply with different settings. Exercise 2. 1. 3 I couldn't complete this exercise or 2. 1. 4 because I do not own a computer with Windows XP on it. Exercise 2. 1 Review 1 _ The difference between a peripheral device and a hardware device Is, with peripheral devices they are dependent upon a host.Peripheral devices are things like printers, scanners, and game controllers. 2. I would want to limit the type of incoming connections that are allowed on a computer because you're using a lot of broadband to be able to handle bringing in that much information. The computer, or device would respond slower and slower the more your use It. 3. Peer-to-peer networks are beneficial because you can communicate with everyone that's on that network without having to get on another network. Its purpose Is to assist companies and corporations to communicate easily and effectively.LAB 2. 2 Exercise 2. 2. 1 In my pollen, buying a single $500 printer would be more cost effective than buying everyone their own personal printer. You would spend three times as much n paper and ink on every personal printer than you would on one single printer each month. Since office printers beginning sale runs about $600, if it's not in your budget to have more than one pri nter, it would be easier and more convenient for the company to get a cheap individual $20 printers. Exercise 2. 2. 2.If each printer prints 180 pages an hour and each user prints 22 pages an hour, if you only have printer, you're automatically overloading the printer every hour. Having four printers would prevent printer overloads or Jams. Exercise 2. 2. 3 My computer > network drive> Drive: R> Folder > Documents >Ashley>Izard Schoolwork> Networking connection failed. Exercise 2. 2. 4 Drawbacks of using a networked drive for storing important documents is the possibility of losing all of your important documents.The drive could become malicious and would have to be wiped. Exercise 2. 2. 5 Made new shortcut to internet on my desktop.. Exercise 2. 2. 6 You should verify that the network resource is connected correctly at least daily. If the resource is moved or taken offline your shortcut will not work. I turned off the internet on my computer and then tried to use the shortcut and t his is the screen I received. When network is turned back on it works normally. Lab 2. 2 Review 1 .It is infeasible to create a shortcut to every website you use frequently because you can add them as favorites to your internet browser. It wouldn't be probable to add every shortcut to a website that you use because it could slow your memory on your computer. 2. I do not think it would be a good idea to create multiple mounted drives for different folders because you will be dividing your broadband by however many devices you have connected. 3. Sharing resources is a great advantage in a network because it provides the ability to send information easily and quickly. Unit The 5 foundations of networking are necessary for allowing one device to communicate with another, because without any one of those five pieces of foundation, the communication wouldn't work. Without the media, you wouldn't be able to connect to anything, since media is your signal. Without an interface you wouldn't be able to access any Information on your computer. If you TLD have a signal, you wouldn't be able to transmit any Information or data.Without a pattern, the formation of the signals to be Interpreted would be Jumbled, and misunderstood. Without timing, your information wouldn't be synchronized, and it could start a new pattern at any time. Exercise 2. 1. 2 Computers are able to multicast, and they have the ability to comply with different settings. Exercise 2. 1. 3 I couldn't complete this exercise or 2. 1. 4 because I do not own a computer with Windows XP on it. Exercise 2. 1 Review 1 _ The difference between a peripheral device and a hardware device Is, with peripheral devices they are dependent upon a host.Peripheral devices are things like printers, scanners, and game controllers. 2. I would want to limit the type of incoming connections that are allowed on a computer because you're using a lot of broadband to be able to handle bringing in that much information. The computer, or device would respond slower and slower the more your use It. 3. Peer-to-peer networks are beneficial because you can communicate with everyone that's on that network without having to get on another network. Its purpose Is to assist companies and corporations to communicate easily and effectively.LAB 2. 2 Exercise 2. 2. 1 In my pollen, buying a single $500 printer would be more cost effective than buying everyone their own personal printer. You would spend three times as much n paper and ink on every personal printer than you would on one single printer each month. Since office printers beginning sale runs about $600, if it's not in your budget to have more than one pri nter, it would be easier and more convenient for the company to get a cheap individual $20 printers. Exercise 2. 2. 2.If each printer prints 180 pages an hour and each user prints 22 pages an hour, if you only have printer, you're automatically overloading the printer every hour. Having four printers would prevent printer overloads or Jams. Exercise 2. 2. 3 My computer > network drive> Drive: R> Folder > Documents >Ashley>Izard Schoolwork> Networking connection failed. Exercise 2. 2. 4 Drawbacks of using a networked drive for storing important documents is the possibility of losing all of your important documents.The drive could become malicious and would have to be wiped. Exercise 2. 2. 5 Made new shortcut to internet on my desktop.. Exercise 2. 2. 6 You should verify that the network resource is connected correctly at least daily. If the resource is moved or taken offline your shortcut will not work. I turned off the internet on my computer and then tried to use the shortcut and t his is the screen I received. When network is turned back on it works normally. Lab 2. 2 Review 1 .It is infeasible to create a shortcut to every website you use frequently because you can add them as favorites to your internet browser. It wouldn't be probable to add every shortcut to a website that you use because it could slow your memory on your computer. 2. I do not think it would be a good idea to create multiple mounted drives for different folders because you will be dividing your broadband by however many devices you have connected. 3. Sharing resources is a great advantage in a network because it provides the ability to send information easily and quickly. Unit DO- explain how establishing a safe and secure environment can support the procedures necessary for accident, illnesses and emergencies. The layout of the environment in a setting should be suitable for the safety of the children. This means that toys, playing equipotent, tables and chairs should be age appropriate. If an accident occurred your role is to: check the child is safe, calm and comfortable, fill out and accidents form reporting the accident which is signed by a member of staffed the manager and parents.The accident should be reported in a standard nursery accident book. If necessary POSTED could be contacted due to neglect of the setting. The setting should ensure that engagements are provided for the number of children to ensure every child is safe, practitioners should know first aid and should be trained in the resources for the safety of the children and should m,aka sure they know how everything works. Whilst outside a secure environment is essential to ensure no chi ldren can leave the premises and none of the public can get into the scenting.To prevent accident happening in the nursery wet floors should be dried immediately to prevent children form running and slipping on it. Making sure all cleaning equipotent is out of reach of children and all rooms should be fitted with gates or doors to ensure a;; children stay in the room and don't wonder into dangerous zones such as the kitchen In a setting a clean environment is essential, there must be a cleaning Rota provided to ensure cleaning is regular and this Rota is checked regularly to ensure children can use a clean toilet area which is free of bacteria to stop children becoming ill.Young babies and young children's equipotent must've sterilized to prevent them from catching colds and illnesses, this s from the children putting toys in their mouths and their immune system being so weak. Hand washing facilities should be suitable for the children's age and the children should know the importan ce of washing their hands and that it prevents them from getting ill.To prevent passing on colds, when wiping children's noses, children shouldn't share tissues and between wiping each chills nose you should wash your hands to prevent illness. Simple procedures like making sure children have their own cups and plates and baby bottles aren't mixed up can prevent illness and infection between children

How Does Salmon Affect The Environment - 882 Words

Salmon seems to be underrated by many but has had a great impact on the appetites of many people. Because food is essential for organisms to live, it is important to know how your food is produced. When finding out how Salmon is produced, you will also be able to tell how much salmon production affects the environment. When eating any types of food it is best to know what macromolecules you are obtaining. Salmon provides a large amount of protein which is needed for your body to grow. Salmon consume a variety of organisms depending on their age. Smolts, young salmon, consume insects, invertebrates as well as plankton. Adult salmon have a different diet than smolts; they consume squid, eels, and shrimp. As a young salmon it is harder to consume larger fish, so they feast on smaller organisms to help them nourish and grow. Adult salmon eat larger fish which helps them maintain a fair diet during their journey in life. 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